O açúcar já é
considerado vilão por muitos motivos: seu alto consumo pode provocar
cáries dentárias, engordar, aumentar o surgimento de espinhas na adolescência,
influenciar em quadros de diabetes... Enfim, apesar de ser um tempero muito
gostoso para alimentos e bebidas, seu consumo em excesso pode ser prejudicial
para a saúde de diversas maneiras e em para pessoas em diferentes
idades.
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Além desses efeitos negativos, existem muitos outros que poucas
pessoas conhecem. Para desmascarar todo o mal que o açúcar pode fazer, a
especialista em alimentação e nutrição Nancy 'Appleton', baseando-se em
inúmeros trabalhos científicos, elaborou uma lista com inúmeros itens que
revelam como o açúcar pode ser prejudicial à saúde.
Confira 80 desses itens da lista e veja como algo tão doce pode trazer resultados tão amargos para o corpo:
Confira 80 desses itens da lista e veja como algo tão doce pode trazer resultados tão amargos para o corpo:
1. Crianças que bebem refrigerantes
(que contém altas taxas de açúcar), em geral, ingerem menos leite.
2. O açúcar pode deprimir o sistema
imunológico.
3. Pode desequilibrar a relação entre
os minerais no organismo.
4. Pode causar hiperatividade,
ansiedade, dificuldade de concentração e distúrbios de humor em crianças.
5. Pode produzir um aumento
significativo dos triglicerídeos.
6. Reduz as defesas orgânicas contra
infecções bacterianas.
7. Causa perda da elasticidade e função
dos tecidos – quanto mais açúcar você come, mais elasticidade e função você
perde.
8. Reduz lipoproteínas de alta
densidade (HDL).
9. Pode levar à deficiência de cromo.
10. Pode estar associado ao câncer de
ovários.
11. Pode elevar rapidamente os níveis de
glicose.
12. Causa deficiência de cobre.
13. Interfere na absorção de cálcio e
magnésio
14. Pode tornar os olhos mais
vulneráveis à degeneração macular relacionada à idade.
15. Pode produzir acidez no trato
digestivo.
16. Pode causar um rápido aumento nos
níveis de adrenalina em crianças.
17. Pode causar envelhecimento precoce.
18. Pode causar deterioração dos dentes.
19. Pode levar à obesidade.
20. Aumenta o risco de doença de 'Crohn'
e colites ulcerativas.
21. Pode causar úlceras gástricas ou
duodenais.
22. Pode causar artrite.
23. Pode causar distúrbios de
aprendizado em crianças
24. Contribui para a proliferação da ‘Candida
albicans’ – fungo responsável pela candidíase vaginal, entre outras infecções.
25. Pode causar cálculos biliais.
26. Pode causar doenças do coração.
27. Pode causar hemorróidas.
28. Pode causar varizes.
29. Pode levar a doenças periodontais.
30. Pode contribuir para a osteoporose.
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31. Pode causar diminuição da
sensibilidade à insulina.
32. Pode diminuir a quantidade de
Vitamina E no sangue.
33. Pode reduzir o nível de hormônio do
crescimento.
34. Pode aumentar o colesterol.
35. Aumenta a AGE's.
36. Pode interferir na absorção de proteínas.
37. Causa alergia alimentar.
38. Pode contribuir para o eczema em
crianças.
39. Pode causar doenças cardiovasculares.
40. Pode prejudicar a estrutura do DNA.
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41. Pode alterar a estrutura das
proteínas.
42. Pode causar rugas pela alteração da
estrutura do colágeno.
43. Pode causar catarata.
44. Pode causar aterosclerose.
45. Pode aumentar as lipoproteínas de
baixa densidade (LDL).
46. Reduz a capacidade de funcionamento
das enzimas.
47. Seu consumo está associado ao
desenvolvimento da doenças de 'Parkinson'.
48. Pode aumentar a quantidade de
gordura no fígado.
49. Pode aumentar o tamanho e produzir
alterações patológicas nos rins.
50. Pode danificar o pâncreas.
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51. Pode aumentar a retenção de líquidos
no organismo.
52. Causa constipação.
53. Pode tornar os tendões mais frágeis.
54. Pode causar dores de cabeça,
inclusive enxaqueca.
55. Desempenha papel no câncer de
pâncreas nem mulheres.
56. Aumenta o risco de câncer no
estômago.
57. Pode aumentar o risco de desenvolver
gota.
58. Pode contribuir para a doença de
Alzheimer.
59. Pode causar adesividade plaquetária,
o que contribui para a formação de coágulos sanguíneos.
60. Pode causar desequilíbrio hormonal;
alguns hormônios tornam-se hipoativos e outros se tornam hiperativos.
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61. Pode levar à formação de cálculos
renais.
62. Pode produzir radicais livres e
estresse oxidativo.
63. Pode levar ao câncer do trato biliar.
64. Aumenta a concentração de ácidos
biliares nas fezes e de enzimas bacterianas no cólon, o que pode produzir
compostos cancerígenos a câncer de cólon.
65. É uma substância que causa
dependência.
66. Pode ser tóxico, como o álcool.
67. Pode agravar a SPM (Síndrome
Pré-Menstrual).
68. Pode diminuir a estabilidade
emocional.
69. Pode piorar os sintomas de crianças
com déficit de atenção.
70. Pode induzir à morte celular.
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71. Pode aumentar a quantidade de
alimento que você ingere.
72. Pode levar ao câncer de próstata.
73. Desidrata os recém-nascidos.
74. Pode aumentar os níveis de
homocisteína na corrente sanguínea.
75. Aumenta o risco de câncer de mama.
76. Pode causar câncer de reto.
77. Pode causar câncer de rim.
78. Pode causar câncer de fígado.
79. Pode aumentar o ácido úrico no
sangue.
80. É um fator de risco para câncer do
intestino delgado.
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Depois de conferir alguns itens dessa lista,
você com certeza não deve mais sentir tanta vontade assim de consumir esse
alimento. Contudo, o sabor doce é quase indispensável à dieta de qualquer
pessoa. Se você faz questão de adoçar sua receita, opte por outras alternativas
como mel (natural e nutritivo), melado de cana ou adoçantes naturais (como ostevita). Contudo, mesmo essas opções devem ser acrescentadas comedidamente, em
pequenas quantidades.
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141 Reasons Sugar Ruins Your Health
1. Sanchez, A, et al. “Role of Sugars in Human Neutrophilic Phagocytosis.” Am J Clin Nutr. Nov 1973; 261: 1180-1184.
2. Bernstein, L et al. “Depression of Lymphocyte Transformation Following Oral Glucose Ingestion.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1997; 30: 613.
3. Schauss, A. Diet, Crime and Delinquency. (Berkley, CA: Parker House, 1981).
4. Bayol, S.A “Evidence that a Maternal ‘Junk Food’ Diet during Pregnancy and Lactation Can Reduce Muscle Force in Offspring.” Eur J Nutr. Dec 19, 2008.
5. Rajeshwari, R, et al. “Secular Trends in Children’s Sweetened-beverage Consumption (1973 to 1994): The Bogalusa Heart Study.” J Am Diet Assoc. Feb 2005; 105(2): 208-214.
6. Behall, K. “Influence of Estrogen Content of Oral Contraceptives and Consumption of Sucrose on Blood Parameters.” Disease Abstracts International.1982; 431-437. POPLINE Document Number: 013114.
7. Mohanty, P., et al. “Glucose Challenge Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by Leucocytes.” J Clin Endocrin Metab. Aug 2000; 85(8): 2970-2973.
Couzy, F., et al. “Nutritional Implications of the Interaction Minerals.”Progressive Food & Nutrition Science. 1933; 17: 65-87.
8. Goldman, L et al. “Behavioral Effects of Sucrose on Preschool Children.” J Abnorm Child Psy. 1986; 14(4): 565-577.
9. Scanto, S. and Yudkin, J. “The Effect of Dietary Sucrose on Blood Lipids, Serum Insulin, Platelet Adhesiveness and Body Weight in Human Volunteers.” Postgrad Med J. 1969; 45: 602-607.
10. Ringsdorf, w., Cheraskin, E., and Ramsay. R “Sucrose, Neutrophilic Phagocytosis and Resistance to Disease.” Dental Survey. 1976; 52(12): 46-48.
11. Cerami, A, et al. “Glucose and Aging.” Scientific American. May 1987: 90.
Lee, A T. and Cerami, A “The Role of Glycation in Aging.” Annals N Y Acad Sci. 663: 63-67.
12. Albrink, M. and Ullrich, LH. “Interaction of Dietary Sucrose and Fiber on Serum Lipids in Healthy Young Men Fed High Carbohydrate Diets.” Clin Nutr.1986;43: 419-428.
Pamplona, R, et al. “Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis.” Medical Hypotheses. Mar 1993; 40(3): 174-81.
13. Kozlovsky, A, et al. “Effects of Diets High in Simple Sugars on Urinary Chromium Losses.” Metabolism. Jun 1986; 35: 515-518.
14. Takahashi, E. Tohoku, University School of Medicine. Wholistic Health Digest. Oct 1982: 41.
15. Kelsay, L et al. “Diets High in Glucose or Sucrose and Young Women.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1974; 27: 926-936.
Thomas, B. L et al. “Relation of Habitual Diet to Fasting Plasma Insulin Concentration and the Insulin Response to Oral Glucose.” Hum Nutr Clin Nutr. 1983; 36C(1): 49-51.
16. Fields, M., et al. “Effect of Copper Deficiency on Metabolism and Mortality in Rats Fed Sucrose or Starch Diets.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1983; 113: 1335-1345.
17. Lemann, J. “Evidence that Glucose Ingestion Inhibits Net Renal Tubular Reabsorption of Calcium and Magnesium.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1976; 70: 236-245.
18. Chiu, C. “Association between Dietary Glycemic Index and Age-related Macular Degeneration in Nondiabetic Participants in the Age-Related Eye Disease Study.” Am J Clin Nutr. Jul 2007; 86: 180-188.
19. “Sugar, White Flour Withdrawal Produces Chemical Response.” The Addiction Letter. Jul1992: 4.
20. Dufty, William. Sugar Blues. (New York: Warner Books, 1975).
21. Ibid.
22. Jones, T.W., et al. “Enhanced Adrenomedullary Response and Increased Susceptibility to Neuroglygopenia: Mechanisms Underlying the Adverse Effect of Sugar Ingestion in Children.” J Ped. Feb 1995; 126: 171-177.
...............................................
23. Ibid.
23. Ibid.
24. Lee, A. T. and Cerami, A. “The Role of Glycation in Aging.” Annals NY Acad Sci. 1992; 663: 63-70.
25. Abrahamson, E. and Peget, A. Body, Mind and Sugar. (New York: Avon, 1977).
26. Glinsmann, w., et al. “Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners.” FDA Report of Sugars Task Force. 1986: 39.
Makinen, K.K., et al. “A Descriptive Report of the Effects of a 16-month Xylitol Chewing-Gum Programme Subsequent to a 40-Month Sucrose Gum Programme.”Caries Res. 1998; 32(2): 107-12.
Riva Touger-Decker and Cor van Loveren, “Sugars and Dental Caries.” Am J Clin Nutr. Oct 2003; 78: 881-892.
27. Keen, H., et al. “Nutrient Intake, Adiposity and Diabetes.” Brit Med J. 1989; 1: 655-658.
28. Tragnone, A, et al. “Dietary Habits as Risk Factors for Inflammatory Bowel Disease.” Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol. Jan 1995; 7(1): 47-51.
29. Yudkin, J. Sweet and Dangerous. (New York: Bantam Books: 1974) 129.
30. Darlington, L., and Ramsey. et al. “Placebo-Controlled, Blind Study of Dietary Manipulation Therapy in Rheumatoid Arthritis,” Lancet. Feb 1986; 8475(1): 236-238.
31. Schauss, A. Diet, Crime and Delinquency. (Berkley, CA: Parker House, 1981).
32. Crook, W. J. The Yeast Connection. (TN: Professional Books, 1984).
33. Heaton, K. “The Sweet Road to Gallstones.” Brit Med J. Apr 14, 1984; 288: 1103-1104.
Misciagna, G., et al. “Insulin and Gallstones.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1999; 69: 120-126.
34. Yudkin, J. “Sugar Consumption and Myocardial Infarction.” Lancet. Feb 6, 1971; 1(7693): 296-297.
Chess, D.J., et al. “Deleterious Effects of Sugar and Protective Effects of Starch on Cardiac Remodeling, Contractile Dysfunction, and Mortality in Response to Pressure Overload.” Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol. Sep 2007; 293(3): H1853-H1860.
35. Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1974).
36. Ibid.
37. Cleave, T. and Campbell, G. Diabetes, Coronary Thrombosis and the Saccharine Disease. (Bristol, England: John Wright and Sons, 1960).
38. Glinsmann, W., et al. “Evaluation of Health Aspects of Sugar Contained in Carbohydrate Sweeteners.” F.D.A. Report of Sugars Task Force. 1986; 39: 36-38.
39. Tjiiderhane, L. and Larmas, M. “A High Sucrose Diet Decreases the Mechanical Strength of Bones in Growing Rats.” J Nutr. 1998; 128: 1807-1810.
40. Wilson, RE and Ashley, EP. “The Effects of Experimental Variations in Dietary Sugar Intake and Oral Hygiene on the Biochemical Composition and pH of Free Smooth-surface and Approximal Plaque.” J Dent Res. Jun 1988; 67(6): 949-953.
41. Beck-Nielsen, H., et al. “Effects of Diet on the Cellular Insulin Binding and the Insulin Sensitivity in Young Healthy Subjects.” Diabetes. 1978; 15: 289-296.
42. Mohanty, P., et al. “Glucose Challenge Stimulates Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) Generation by Leucocytes.” J Clin Endocrin Metab. Aug 2000; 85(8): 2970-2973.
43. Gardner, L. and Reiser, S. “Effects of Dietary Carbohydrate on Fasting Levels of Human Growth Hormone and Cortisol.” Proc Soc Exp Bioi Med. 1982; 169: 36-40.
44. Ma, Y, et al. “Association Between Carbohydrate Intake and Serum Lipids.” J Am Coli Nutr. Apr 2006; 25(2): 155-163.
45. Furth, A and Harding, J. “Why Sugar Is Bad For You.” New Scientist. Sep 23, 1989; 44.
46. Lee, AT. and Cerami, A “Role of Glycation in Aging.” Annals N Y Acad Sci. Nov 21,1992; 663: 63-70.
47. Appleton, N. Lick the Sugar Habit. (New York: Avery Penguin Putnam, 1988).
48. Henriksen, H. B. and Kolset, S.O. Tidsslcr Nor Laegeforen. Sep 6, 2007; 127(17): 2259-62.
49. Cleave, T. The Saccharine Disease. (New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing, 1974).
50. Ibid., at 132.
51. Vaccaro, 0., et al. “Relationship of Postload Plasma Glucose to Mortality with 19 Year Follow-up.” Diabetes Care. Oct 15,1992; 10: 328-334.
Tominaga, M., et al, “Impaired Glucose Tolerance Is a Risk Factor for Cardiovascular Disease, but Not Fasting Glucose.” Diabetes Care. 1999; 2(6): 920-924.
52. Lee, A T. and Cerami, A “Modifications of Proteins and Nucleic Acids by Reducing Sugars: Possible Role in Aging.” Handbook of the Biology of Aging. (New York: Academic Press, 1990).
53. Monnier, V. M. “Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process.” J Ger. 1990; 45(4): 105-110.
54. Dyer, D. G., et al. “Accumulation of Maillard Reaction Products in Skin Collagen in Diabetes and Aging.” J Clin Invest. 1993; 93(6): 421-422.
55. Veromann, S., et al. “Dietary Sugar and Salt Represent Real Risk Factors for Cataract Development.” Ophthalmologica. Jul-Aug 2003; 217(4): 302-307.
56. Monnier, V. M. “Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process.” J Ger. 1990; 45(4): 105-110.
57. Schmidt, AM., et al. “Activation of Receptor for Advanced Glycation End Products: a Mechanism for Chronic Vascular Dysfunction in Diabetic Vasculopathy and Atherosclerosis.” Circ Res. Mar 1999; 1984(5): 489-97.
58. Lewis, G. F. and Steiner, G. “Acute Effects of Insulin in the Control of VLDL Production in Humans. Implications for The Insulin-resistant State.” Diabetes Care. Apr 1996; 19(4): 390-393.
R. Pamplona, M.J., et al. “Mechanisms of Glycation in Atherogenesis.” Medical Hypotheses. 1990; 40: 174-181.
59. Ceriello, A “Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation.” Metabolism. Feb 2000; 49(2 Suppl1): 27-29.
60. Appleton, Nancy. Lick the Sugar Habit. (New York: Avery Penguin Putnam, 1988).
61. Hellenbrand, W., et al. “Diet and Parkinson’s Disease. A Possible Role for the Past Intake of Specific Nutrients. Results from a Self-administered Food-frequency Questionnaire in a Case-control Study.” Neurology. Sep 1996; 47: 644-650.
Cerami, A, et al. “Glucose and Aging.” Sci Am. May 1987: 90.
62. Goulart, F. S. “Are You Sugar Smart?” American Fitness. Mar-Apr 1991: 34-38.
63. Scribner, K.B., et al. “Hepatic Steatosis and Increased Adiposity in Mice Consuming Rapidly vs. Slowly Absorbed Carbohydrate.” Obesity. 2007; 15: 2190-2199.
64. Yudkin, L Kang, S., and Bruckdorfer, K. “Effects of High Dietary Sugar.” Brit Med J. Nov 22, 1980; 1396.
65. Goulart, F. S. “Are You Sugar Smart?” American Fitness. Mar-Apr 1991: 34-38
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66. Ibid.
66. Ibid.
67. Ibid.
68. Ibid.
69. Ibid.
70. Nash, J. “Health Contenders.” Essence. Jan 1992; 23: 79-81.
71. Grand, E. “Food Allergies and Migraine.” Lancet. 1979; 1: 955-959.
72. Michaud, D. “Dietary Sugar, Glycemic Load, and Pancreatic Cancer Risk in a Prospective Study.” J Natl Cancer Inst. Sep 4, 2002; 94(17): 1293-300.
73. Schauss, A. Diet, Crime and Delinquency. (Berkley, CA: Parker House, 1981).
74. Peet, M. “International Variations in the Outcome of Schizophrenia and the Prevalence of Depression in Relation to National Dietary Practices: An Ecological Analysis.” Brit J Psy. 2004; 184: 404-408.
75. Cornee, L et al. “A Case-control Study of Gastric Cancer and Nutritional Factors in Marseille, France.” Eur J Epid. 1995; 11: 55-65.
76. Yudkin, J. Sweet and Dangerous. (New York: Bantam Books, 1974).
77. Ibid., at 44.
78. Reiser, S., et al. “Effects of Sugars on Indices on Glucose Tolerance in Humans.” Am J Clin Nutr. 1986: 43; 151-159.
79. Ibid.
Molteni, R, et al. “A High-fat, Refined Sugar Diet Reduces Hippocampal Brainderived Neurotrophic Factor, Neuronal Plasticity, and Learning.”NeuroScience. 2002; 112(4): 803-814.
80. Monnier, v., “Nonenzymatic Glycosylation, the Maillard Reaction and the Aging Process.” J Ger. 1990; 45: 105-111.
81. Frey, J. “Is There Sugar in the Alzheimer’s Disease?” Annales De Biologie Clinique. 2001; 59(3): 253-257.
82. Yudkin, J. “Metabolic Changes Induced by Sugar in Relation to Coronary Heart Disease and Diabetes.” Nutr Health. 1987; 5(1-2): 5-8.
83. Ibid.
84. Blacklock, N.J., “Sucrose and Idiopathic Renal Stone.” Nutr Health. 1987; 5(1-2):9-12.
Curhan, G., et al. “Beverage Use and Risk for Kidney Stones in Women.” Ann Inter Med. 1998; 28: 534-340.
85. Ceriello, A “Oxidative Stress and Glycemic Regulation.” Metabolism. Feb 2000; 49(2 Suppl1): 27-29.
86. Moerman, C. L et al. “Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Biliary Tract Cancer.” Inter J Epid. Apr 1993; 2(2): 207-214.
87. Lenders, C. M. “Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated with Dietary Intake among Pregnant Adolescents.” J Nutr. Jun 1997; 1113-1117.
88. Ibid.
89.Yudkin, J. and Eisa, O. “Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol Concentration in Young Men.” Ann Nutr Metab. 1988; 32(2): 53-55.
90. Bostick, RM., et al. “Sugar, Meat, and Fat Intake and Non-dietary Risk Factors for Colon Cancer Incidence in Iowa Women.” Cancer Causes & Control. 1994; 5: 38-53.
Kruis, w., et al. “Effects of Diets Low and High in Refined Sugars on Gut Transit, Bile Acid Metabolism and Bacterial Fermentation.” Gut. 1991; 32: 367-370.
Ludwig, D. S., et al. “High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating, And Obesity.”Pediatrics. Mar 1999; 103(3): 26-32.
91. Yudkin, J. and Eisa, O. “Dietary Sucrose and Oestradiol Concentration in Young Men.” Ann Nutr Metab. 1988; 32(2): 53-55.
92. Lee, AT. and Cerami, A “The Role of Glycation in Aging.” Annals N Y Acad Sci. 1992; 663: 63-70.
93. Moerman, c., et al.”Dietary Sugar Intake in the Etiology of Gallbladder Tract Cancer.” Inter J Epid. Apr 1993; 22(2): 207-214.
94. Avena, N.M. “Evidence for Sugar Addiction: Behavioral and Nuerochemical Effects of Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake.” Neurosci Biobehav Rev. 2008; 32(1): 20-39.
Colantuoni, c., et al. “Evidence That Intermittent, Excessive Sugar Intake Cause Endogenous Opioid Dependence.” Obesity. Jun 2002; 10(6): 478-488.
95. Ibid.
96. The Edell Health Letter. Sep 1991; 7: 1.
97. Christensen, L., et al. “Impact of A Dietary Change on Emotional Distress.” J Abnorm Psy. 1985; 94(4): 565-79.
98. Ludwig, D.S., et al. “High Glycemic Index Foods, Overeating and Obesity.”Pediatrics. Mar 1999; 103(3): 26-32.
99. Girardi, N.L.” Blunted Catecholamine Responses after Glucose Ingestion in Children with Attention Deficit Disorder.” Pediatr Res. 1995; 38: 539-542.
Berdonces, J.L. “Attention Deficit and Infantile Hyperactivity.” Rev Enferm. Jan 2001; 4(1): 11-4.
100. Lechin, E, et al. “Effects of an Oral Glucose Load on Plasma Neurotransmitters in Humans.” Neuropsychobiology. 1992; 26(1-2): 4-11.
101. Arieff, AI. “IVs of Sugar Water Can Cut Off Oxygen to the Brain.” Veterans Administration Medical Center in San Francisco. San Jose Mercury. Jun 12/86.
102. De Stefani, E. “Dietary Sugar and Lung Cancer: a Case Control Study in Uruguay.” Nutr Cancer. 1998; 31(2): 132-7.
103. Sandler, B.P. Diet Prevents Polio. (Milwakuee, WI: The Lee Foundation for Nutr Research,1951).
104. Murphy, P. “The Role of Sugar in Epileptic Seizures.” Townsend Letter for Doctors and Patients. May 2001.
105. Stern, N. and Tuck, M. “Pathogenesis of Hypertension in Diabetes Mellitus.”Diabetes Mellitus, a Fundamental and Clinical Test. 2nd Edition. (Philadelphia, PA: Lippincott Williams & Wilkins, 2000) 943-957.
Citation Preuss, H.G., et al. “Sugar-Induced Blood Pressure Elevations Over the Lifespan of Three Substrains of Wistar Rats.” J Am Coli Nutr. 1998; 17(1): 36-37.
106. Christansen, D. “Critical Care: Sugar Limit Saves Lives.” Science News. Jun 30, 2001; 159: 404.
Donnini, D., et al. “Glucose May Induce Cell Death through a Free Radicalmediated Mechanism.” Biochem Biophys Res Commun. Feb 15, 1996; 219(2): 412-417.
107. Levine, AS., et al. “Sugars and Fats: The Neurobiology of Preference” J Nutr. 2003; 133: 831S-834S.
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108. Schoenthaler, S. “The Los Angeles Probation Department Diet-Behavior Program: Am Empirical Analysis of Six Institutional Settings.” Int J Biosocial Res. 5(2): 88-89.
108. Schoenthaler, S. “The Los Angeles Probation Department Diet-Behavior Program: Am Empirical Analysis of Six Institutional Settings.” Int J Biosocial Res. 5(2): 88-89.
109. Deneo-Pellegrini H., et al. “Foods, Nutrients and Prostate Cancer: a Casecontrol Study in Uruguay.” Br J Cancer. May 1999; 80(3-4): 591-7.
110. “Gluconeogenesis in Very Low Birth Weight Infants Receiving Total Parenteral Nutrition.” Diabetes. Apr 1999; 48(4): 791-800.
111. Lenders, C. M. “Gestational Age and Infant Size at Birth Are Associated with Dietary Intake Among Pregnant Adolescents.” J Nutr. 1998; 128: 807-1810.
112. Peet, M. “International Variations in the Outcome of Schizophrenia and the Prevalence of Depression in Relation to National Dietary Practices: An Ecological Analysis.” Brit J Psy. 2004; 184: 404-408.
113. Fonseca, v., et al. “Effects of a High-fat-sucrose Diet on Enzymes in Homosysteine Metabolism in the Rat.” Metabolism. 2000; 49: 736-41.
114. Potischman, N., et al. “Increased Risk of Early-stage Breast Cancer Related to Consumption of Sweet Foods Among Women Less than Age 45 in the United States.” Cancer Causes & Control. Dec 2002; 13(10): 937-46.
115. Negri, E., et al. “Risk Factors for Adenocarcinoma of the Small Intestine.” Int J Cancer. Jul1999; 2(2): 171-4.
116. Bosetti, c., et al. “Food Groups and Laryngeal Cancer Risk: A Case-control Study from Italy and Switzerland.” Int J Cancer. 2002; 100(3): 355-358.
117. Shannon, M. “An Empathetic Look at Overweight.” CCL Family Found. NovDec 1993; 20(3): 3-5. POPLINE Document Number: 091975.
118. Harry, G. and Preuss, MD, Georgetown University Medical School. http://www.usa.weekend.com/food/carper_archive/961201carper_eatsmart.html.
119. Beauchamp, G.K., and Moran, M. “Acceptance of Sweet and Salty Tastes in 2-year-old Children.” Appetite. Dec 1984; 5(4): 291-305.
120. Cleve, T.L. On the Causation of Varicose Veins. (Bristol, England: John Wright, 1960).
121. Ket, Yaffe, et al. “Diabetes, Impaired Fasting Glucose and Development of Cognitive Impairment in Older Women.” Neurology. 2004; 63: 658-663.
122. Chatenoud, Liliane, et al. “Refined-cereal Intake and Risk of Selected Cancers in Italy.” Am J Clin Nutr. Dec 1999; 70: 1107-1110.
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